Newsletter No.6

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Stepping in the RadoNorm year 4

A further issue of this newsletter marks another milestone in the project. RadoNorm has solidified its position in the field of radiation protection as a significant contributor to understanding and mitigating risks towards radon and NORM and the collaboration and camaraderie between our partners has never been more prosperous. This was plainly observed during our third Annual Meeting, organised by our gracious hosts, GIG, in the beautiful hills of Ustroń, Poland. We once again saw the essential interdisciplinarity, deepening friendships, and vital cooperation between European institutes and other stakeholders, thriving in the fertility of the project and ardently tackling the urgent questions that still need answering.

The result of all this is the impactful and ever‑increasing number of scientific publications, a significant proportion of which are indeed co-created by multiple work packages. RadoNorm is strongly committed to open science and we have made great efforts to ensure our publications are freely accessible to all interested parties, who could further use these outputs in meaningful ways. We have significantly grown our stakeholder involvement, to now also include companies who are simultaneously tackling the same questions we are. Public engagement has also intensified through the launch of our new citizen science projects, as well as the success of our pilot projects, whose creativity continues to increase the relevance of radiation protection in society.

The Interest Group Meeting organised as part of the European Radiation Protection Week 2023 in Dublin, Ireland, to discuss the available and more affordable radon monitors on the market highlighted the fact that radiation protection is not only about science. The great interest from various stakeholders such as regulatory authorities and members of the public, in addition to the manufacturers of the radon monitors themselves, showed that there is a demand for crosstalk and interaction between diverse stakeholders, and RadoNorm has in fact created the ideal platform for that.

As we wind down for the holiday season, we can be grateful for the successes and highlights of this year and also reflect on those areas, where there is room for improvement. We eagerly look forward to the next two years of RadoNorm, where we hope to make even greater strides in addressing the EU’s Basic Safety Standards and yielding more tangible results in radiation protection. RadoNorm hopes you enjoy reading the developments presented in this newsletter and wishes you a joyful Christmas season and a bright start to the new year.

Short news from WPs

WP2 presented successfully its main outputs at the 3^rd annual meeting in Ustron and organised fruitful internal meetings on cross-cutting issues between tasks and other workpackages, specifically with WP5. Two oral presentations have also been given at the Migration 2023 conference in Nantes, one as a plenary lecture on NORM and the other on the work performed in task 2.8 on the application of process-based models for understanding water flow processes as well as solute transport at a former uranium mining site

WP2 is proud to have released its two first deliverables (D2.7 on “Workplace-type specific methods to assess the exposure of workers to radon – Focus on underground workplaces and itinerant workers” and D2.8 on “Approach to determine the contributions of local geology and other sources on the radon exposure in dwellings – scenarios and modelling of radon transport from soils to indoor-air”); whose contents are presented at the end of the Newsletter, and six milestones.

• MS14 – “Field Measurements completed, analysis and datasets on ground exhalation and outdoor concentration” – presents a new methodology and its application to a specific sampling location in the Fen complex (Norway) to assess the temporal variation (diurnal and seasonal) of radon and thoron exhalation from the ground, as well as the effect of the affecting factors. In addition, an article from Haanes et al. (2023) has assessed the dose rate contributions in Norwegian legacy mines with high natural background radiation in the cold season.

  
  

• MS16 – “Simulations of radon products in forest environments complete and projected impact calculated. Verification of the ECORADON SVAT model and first scientific results” – presents the update of the model developed in Milestone MS15 up to a working level. MS16 also includes some model runs of spatial and temporal variability of radon and its daughters in the different soil and vegetation compartments that show that the model is giving meaningful scientific outputs. The model is now ready for case study application in the next phase of the project.

  
  

• MS20 – “Review of statistical methods for the identification of buildings and areas with high radon levels, collection and harmonization of suitable data-sets from partners, and preliminary analysis of available data”. The report provides (1) a review of suitable statistical methods aimed to identify buildings and areas where high indoor radon concentrations might be found and (2) the description of suitable datasets potentially analysable with one or more selected methods among those described in the first part.
  
  
• MS27 – “Modelling simulations to develop constant plant concentration approach ready” investigates the use of an alternative approach to describe soil-to-plant transfer of naturally occurring radionuclides based on the constant total element concentrations in plants, developed by the UEF.

  
  

• MS 30 – “Completion of laboratory sorption and desorption experiments” completes the previous Milestone MS29 summarises the data obtained after applying laboratory experiments conducted to generate new knowledge and additional data in order to improve modelling to predict NOR interaction and subsequent mobility. Two approaches were explored. In the first one, sorption and desorption tests were applied to a collection of non-contaminated soils (> 30 soils) with different physicochemical properties to obtain new Kd (NOR) data and to enrich existing datasets to subsequently identify the parameters that govern the sorption of Ra, Po and U. The second approach aimed to determine if the nature of contamination and ageing influence retention parameters. To reach this objective, four different soils were contaminated with ²³³U added in liquid or organic form (previously contaminated plant material) and then incubated. Retention parameters were regularly measured during the incubation and compared to those of native ²³⁸
  
  
• MS31 – “Determination of site-specific K_d values” investigates a methodology for characterising the labile/ remobilisable fraction of U and Ra, and to provide K_d values applicable to in situ condition This work is being tested on soil / sediment taken from a wetland contaminated by past uranium mining activities at the Rophin site (France), with a focus on radium (Ra) and uranium (U). This work should help to develop a reactive transport model at the scale of the contaminated wetland in connection with Tasks 2.8.

Finally WP2 is happy to welcome Silvana Beltran Torres, a new early career researcher who will work on the “Investigation of multiple hazards at NORM exposure sites” within task 2.5 at DSA. Her approach consists of exploring and identifying relationships between naturally occurring radionuclides (NOR), rare earth elements and other present hazards and environmental conditions at the Fen complex site in Norway. These relationships will be analysed at two levels of interactions: 1) analysis of inter-relationship between identified hazards, and analysis of environmental parameters that impact on their transport and consequently on their availability to organisms and 2) evaluation of the level of uptake by living organisms with steps towards risk estimation. Statistical and spatial methods to identify relationships and patterns will be used. The main outcome of the work is planned to help in the development of the integrated approach for risk assessment for humans and non-human biota as well as with respect to different, not necessarily radioactive contaminants commonly present at the NORM sites.

Two milestones and one deliverable were submitted by WP3 since the publication of the last Newsletter. The deliverable summarized the results of computational microdosimetry supporting the preparation and evaluation of experiments. These included simulations to estimate absorbed doses in different cell nuclei of the human and rat lungs in case of several exposure conditions. Considering the in vivo dose distributions, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to set up and evaluate in vitro experiments with organotypic tissue models and cell cultures. As those studies are still on-going, we also continue our work tailoring our simulations for the experimental setups.

The milestones reported on the progress in assessment of uncertainties affecting dosimetric calculations. One of them provides a detailed description of probability distributions of parameters to be used during uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. These parameters include those of the Human Respiratory Tract Model, the Human Alimentary Tract Model and the systemic model as well as parameters related to the inhalation of radon progeny. In the other milestone, doses from radon and thoron progeny are compared.

We had several joint meetings with WP4, mostly during the Annual Meeting. The paper[1] published in May on the effects of smoking on absorbed doses was discussed during the Annual Meeting and later with a panel of epidemiologists involved in RadoNorm WP4. BfS has compared the Excess Relative Risk per Working Level Month (ERR per WLM) estimates of lung cancer by radon for smokers and non-smokers from different uranium miners’ studies. In all studies, the ERR estimate for smokers was less than that for non-smokers. Having in mind that the ERR should be proportional to the lung dose, the results from epidemiology and dosimetry are consistent. However, several questions remain, which may be studied later.

[1] Honorio da Silva E., Davesne E., Bonchuk Y., Ratia G., Madas B., Berkovskyy V. and Broggio D. 2023. Changes induced in the human respiratory tract by chronic cigarette smoking can reduce the dose to the lungs from exposure to radon progeny. J Radiol Prot 43: 021509. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6498/acd3fa

WP4 was well presented during the 3^rd Annual Meeting in Poland. We had our General Meeting as well as several joint meetings with other workpackages and presented our results in platform and poster sessions. Active participation of WP4 Early Career Researchers is also acknowledged.

Three milestones have been submitted during this Autumn:

“MS45: Cases (childhood leukemia and brain tumours) and controls enrolled” gives information on the progress of the Finnish study on the effects of residential radon and natural background gamma on childhood cancer (Task 4.3).

“MS46: Molecular signature of lung cancers in rats exposed to radon” describes a retrospective analysis of lung primary tumors induced by radon from the lifespan experiments of CEA (Task 4.5). The results were also presented during the platform session at Annual Meeting.

“MS48: Comparison of homogeneous and inhomogeneous dose distributions provided to Task 3.6” reports first results of studies testing the hypothesis that inhomogeneous alpha-particle exposure leads locally to relative high doses, sufficient to induced cell death followed by a transient increase in basal cell proliferation (Task 4.5).

The leadership of Task 4.6 was recently reorganized inside IRSN and Sophie Ancelet is now leading the task. A new postdoctoral fellow has also started to work in this task.

In order to summarize all the main outcomes of WP5 reached since the last issued Newsletter, I would start with a presentation of the current status of milestones and deliverables. Two deliverables and two milestones, described in detail further in this Newsletter in section Latest deliverables and publications, were successfully accomplished and submitted to the coordinator.

MS67 : Data sets collected and analysis completed (DSA);

MS68 : In-situ comparison measurement campaign in selected underground workplaces (SURO);

D5.6 : Prototype of an advanced measurement device for determining the radon diffusion coefficient in waterproofing materials (CVUT); and

D5.3 : Software tool for evaluation of time variation of the total radon entry rate indoors based on Kalmann filtering (SURO).

There were plenty productive and successful meetings and discussions held as part of internal meetings during the 3rd AM in Ustron. Among them, I would point out a joint session of Tasks 5.5, 2.1, 5.4, and 2.3 focused on the QA/QC programs and procedures implemented in radon/thoron and its progeny activity concentration measurement utilizing continous radon mnitors (CRMs) both in laboratory and field measurement conditions, which clearly demonstrated intensified collaboration between WP5 and WP2, covering some significant cross-cutting issues raised during the project research activities implementation. WP 5 also actively participated in the topical sessions during the plenary meetings open to all stakeholders.

Moreover, I would also highlight the very positive feedback from the WP5 involvement in the above-mentioned workshop, the Interest Group Meeting, which was held as a side event of the ERPW in Dublin, emphasizing, among other things, the key role of QA/QC procedures, measurement standardization, and general metrological aspects in relation to electronic radon monitors.

We are excited to share significant progress from WP6 in the investigation of societal aspects related to radon and NORM. Researchers have successfully concluded data collection through computer-assisted personal interviews in the final countries, with Norway completing the series. A total of 15 surveys have been conducted (Portugal pending), examining people’s attitudes, behaviors, and opinions concerning the testing and radon mitigation of dwellings. Utilizing a standardized questionnaire has enabled researchers not only to identify driving factors for testing and mitigation in each country but also to facilitate cross-country comparisons. National support from radon management authorities played a crucial role in facilitating most of the data collection.

In a major development, the RadoNorm toolbox, serving as an open data source, has been established in the STORE database, housing all data collected in WP6 through qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches.

Exciting news comes from our communication team, which has developed social media communication tools aimed at motivating people to test and mitigate. Currently, these tools are in the testing phase in Slovenia, Belgium, Austria, and Ireland, with a planned large-scale deployment of social media campaigns in February in different countries.

RadoNorm continues to pioneer the investigation of radiation risk perception of NORM in geothermal installations. Interviews and workshops with workers, authorities, and managers in the industry have been conducted, with data currently in the analysis phase. Additionally, interviews with workers and visitors of radon spas in Austria and Germany have been completed to explore their perceptions of radon risks and benefits.

RadoNorm actively engages hundreds citizens in seven distinct citizen science projects across Hungary, Poland, Portugal, Italy, Spain, Slovenia, and the Slovak Republic. Participants contribute significantly to the field of radiation protection from radon through various means, including the creation of measurement tools, conducting radon measurements at diverse locations, and developing do-it-yourself tools for radon mitigation.

WP6 has also made valuable contributions to the PIANOFORTE strategic research agenda in the field of social science and humanities (SSH). Furthermore, the team actively participated in a panel discussion at the RICOMET 2023 conference. During this discussion, our coordinator highlighted the significance of inclusion and collaboration with SSH in contributing to the success of project objectives. The RICOMET 2023 conference has been co-organised with the RadoNorm project also this year.

Events and trainings: past and future

WP7 has seen its highest number of travel grants awarded this year, which has enabled our early career researchers (ECRs) to showcase their latest RadoNorm results and progress in various conferences and also participate in educational training courses. Also, the ECR council, initiated during the Annual Meeting in Munich in 2022, expanded their activity. Aside from their monthly meetings, which are still ongoing, they were also able to organise a meeting in-person during the third Annual Meeting, which took place in Ustroń, Poland. Here, they could elect or re-elect their board members for the next year. The annual meeting also gave them the opportunity to organise a panel discussion as part of the plenary session on the topic of career perspectives in radiation protection, where diverse panellists were invited to discuss topics such as mentorship, career opportunities and essential skills needed in the field. The council additionally organised a training webinar on the topic of “Reference Managers” on 8^th December 2023, where WP3 leader, B. Madas, gave an introduction to using Zotero. Moreover, the ECR council is preparing its second application for a course to be held in 2024.

The last two training courses of the third series of courses organised in the framework of WP7 also took place. The course on the NORM impact assessment toolkit was jointly organised by the Universities of Porto and Aveiro in September 2023. In Stockholm University, the CELET course (Cellular effects of high and low LET ionising radiation) took place in November 2023. Both courses were offered for the third consecutive time after their previous successful rounds. Once again, feedback was overwhelmingly positive.

Many of our ECRs are coming to the end of their terms in RadoNorm. However, thanks to the networking opportunities that RadoNorm has provided, some of them have already found further employment opportunities in one or more RadoNorm partners. This highlights the success of RadoNorm of preserving competence in the field and we hope that the trend continues.

ECR Council

During the 3rd Annual Meeting, the Early Career Researchers Council held elections for the term October 2023 – June 2024. The elected team is formed by the work package representatives Jaime Gomez Bolivar (WP2), Kim Sennhenn (WP3), Federica Turrisi (WP4), Agata Grygier (WP5), and Mabel Akosua Hoedoafia (WP6), the Scientific secretary Jad Abuhamed, and the Chair Ämilie Degenhardt. They also stablished activities to be developed during the term: a training course, webinars, and writing a scientific paper.

Due to the great success of the first training course organized by the council on “Transdisciplinary Communication in Radon and NORM” that took place in Stockholm in April 2023, the ECRs are planning a second training course. This time, the focus is on “Career management and perspectives in radon and NORM” that is planned to take place in Prague, hosted by the National Radiation Protection Institute (SURO) in April 2024. As the project approaches its conclusion (August 2025), many ECRs are finishing their PhD or their contracts as postdoctoral fellows. The course aims to help these ECRs to manage time and stress due to thesis writing and deadlines. They also will learn how to improve their scientific writing, what will impact directly the quality of the publications on Radon and NORM, and more generally, on results from radiation research studies. Furthermore, they will learn strategies to prepare themselves and to apply for positions in the field of radiation protection and research, including radon and NORM.

Additionally, an online class on “How to use a reference manager software? – Training with Zotero” was organised by the ECR council and led by Balázs Madas (WP3) on the 8th of December 2023. Because of the positive feedback of the attendees and the great interest showed by the RadoNorm community, a second online class on the topic is planned on the 19th of January 2024.

Latest deliverables and publications

The following deliverables are now available on the RadoNorm website:

Caroline Vignaud et al. (2023): Workplace-type specific methods to assess the exposure of workers to radon: Focus on underground workplaces and itinerant workers, D2.7

• Within the work package 2 dealing with “Exposure”, the task “Exposure to radon in buildings” aims at studying building materials (subtask 2.3.1), radon exposure in workplaces (subtask 2.3.2) and the contribution of other sources than local geology on radon exposure in buildings (subtask 2.3.3). This report concerns the subtask 2.3.2 and presents the technical recommendations that might be taken into consideration to develop radon and radon progenies measurement protocols of some of member states and some non-European countries. The technical measurement recommendations are focused on underground workplaces and issues regarding itinerant workers. Some examples are given to illustrate the recommendations and to provide an overview of some country’s practices. Measurements and tests in underground workplaces are still ongoing at the publication date of this report, thus the resulting information will be analysed and published at the end of the project.

Nahla Mansouri et al. (2023): Approach to determine the contributions of local geology and other sources on the radon exposure in dwellings (scenarios and modelling of radon transport from soils to indoor air), D2.8

• Indoor radon activity concentration is the result of complex processes from different sources such as soil, building materials, gas and water supply. It is well known that the main source of radon in buildings is the soil underneath the building. In some situations, anthropogenic materials (such as uranium mill tailings from former uranium mines, phosphate mine tailings, etc.) can also be a source of radon and contribute to indoor exposure. This work aims at providing some answers to questions raised in the context of expert assessments carried out on exposure to radon of anthropogenic origin linked to the presence of radium-bearing waste. Such waste resulting from human activity can in certain situations constitute anthropogenic sources of radon in buildings and generate high radon exposure. The action consists of studying the possibility of using calculation tools (mathematical models), in addition, where appropriate, to in situ measurements (soil and building), to estimate the potential influence of anthropogenic sources on radon levels in the indoor air of houses.

Gabor Albrecht et al. (2023): Report on results of computational microdosimetry supporting the preparation and evaluation of experiments, D3.5

• The general aim of Task 3.5 is to support the biological experiments performed in Work Package 4. The specific aims are i) to quantify the in vivo dose distributions in human lungs in order to provide realistic exposure conditions for in vitro experiments with cell cultures and organotypic tissue models, ii) to quantify the dose distribution in rat lungs in order to support a retrospective rat study, and iii) to quantify the specific energy and hit distributions in in vitro experiments with cells and organotypic tissue models exposed to radon and solid alpha-sources. For these purposes, computational microdosimetry has been applied. Two computational modelling approaches were combined to estimate absorbed doses in different cell nuclei of the human lungs in case of several exposure conditions including home and uranium mine environments. Taking into account the spatially inhomogeneous dose distribution, both average doses in the bronchial airways and maximum doses in the deposition hot spots were estimated. Based on the simulations, recommendations were made to investigate the effects of 1 WLM exposure in the bronchial airways.

Karel Jílek et al. (2023): Software tool for evaluation of time variation of the total radon entry rate indoors based on the Kalmann filtering, D5.3

• As a part of subtask 5.2 of the RadoNorm project, an open-source software tool for evaluation of time variation of the total radon entry rate indoors based on the Kalmann filtering was developed. It serves for simultaneous estimation of time-varying radon-entry rate (RER) and air-exchange rate (ACH) from the bivariate time series of measured radon and a tracer gas (where tracer entry rate is known). Statistical modelling is based on a new generation of the state-space model obtained by discretization of a system of two ordinary differential equations simply describing the underlying physics. The report describes the process of running the code in the R environment, the software requirements and the structure of the supplied data. The output data in .csv format can be further processed and output graphically. The attached example using actual measured data demonstrates the possibilities of using the script and the understanding the outputs.

Jiránek M., Froňka A. (2023): Prototype of an advanced measurement device for determining the radon diffusion coefficient in waterproofing materials, D5.6

• As part of subtask 5.2 of the RadoNorm project, a prototype of an advanced measuring device was created to determine the radon diffusion coefficient in building materials. The device is intended for test methods based on determining the radon flux from the tested material. The device therefore enables the continuous measurement of the radon concentration on both surfaces of the material. It consists of several components (radon source, set of source and receiver containers, radon concentration meters in the source and receiver containers and a flow pump). What is new compared to the current state is that these components are not firmly assembled into a single device, but their mutual arrangement can be freely changed according to the current need. The size and shape of the source and receiver containers can be changed according to the size of the test sample. In addition, several samples can be measured at the same time, and their number can be changed as desired. A professional certified product or a homemade source can be used as a radon source.

Perko, T. and Martell, M. (2023): Open source toolbox of qualitative and quantitative methods and scales to investigate affected populations’ and stakeholders’ risk perceptions, views, opinions, motivations, attitudes and behaviour in radon areas and NORM exposures including methodological guidelines, D6.2

• One of the objectives of the RadoNorm project is to develop an open source toolbox of qualitative and quantitative methods and scales, including a comprehensive database related to affected populations and stakeholders risk perception, view, attitudes and behaviour in radon and NORM exposures leading to integration of the radiation protection scientific community at EU level and a better coordination of social science and humanities research efforts. This deliverable (D6.2) describes the toolbox, its content and structure. This methodological toolbox is designed to enable social science researchers and practitioners in the field of radon communication to have access to the different methods and scales developed and used during the RadoNorm project to investigate different aspects related to radon risk, knowledge, attitudes, behaviour, etc.

New papers have been published as part of the RadoNorm achievements:

• https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncad178: Cold season dose rate contributions from gamma, radon, thoron or progeny in legacy mines with high natural background radiation, Haanes et al.
• https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1252804: A psycho-social-environmental lens on radon air pollutant: authorities’, mitigation contractors’, and residents’ perceptions of barriers and facilitators to domestic radon mitigation, Hevey et al.
• https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167065: Assessing the exposure situations with naturally occurring radioactive materials across European countries by means of the e-NORM survey, Popic et al.
• https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15968.2: When citizen science meets radon building diagnosis: Synthesis of a French pilot project developed in the framework of the European RadoNorm research project, Andresz et al.
• https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112706: An Environmental Evaluation of Ventilation Systems Aimed at Reducing Indoor Radon Concentration, L Felicioni, M. Jiránek, B. Vlasatá, A. Lupíšek
• https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/23/7128: Evaluation of Radon Action Plans: Searching for a Systematic and Standardised Method, Martell et al.
• https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2600/15/152018: Environmental assessment of several scenarios of active and passive radon control measures, Felicioni et al.
• https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107355: Measuring societal attitudes and behaviours towards radon indoors: A case study of Slovenia, Perko et al.

Researchers in a spotlight

Jan Boei is a scientist at the Leiden University Medical Center and within the RadoNORM project he is contributing to WP4. In the framework of task 4.5 “Mechanisms of radiation action in lung cancer among never smokers” he investigates the biological consequences of homogeneous and heterogeneous alpha-particle exposure of bronchial epithelium, the principal tissue at risk upon radon inhalation. Hereto, primary human bronchial epithelial cells are differentiated at the air-liquid interface on tissue culture inserts to form an epithelial layer closely resembling the epithelium lining the human bronchi. Especially the effects of exposure on the basal cells present within this tissue are of interest. Under normal conditions most of these basal cells are not dividing but upon airway injury they are responsible for tissue regeneration and the maintenance of homeostasis. Therefore, investigations are focused on the repair of induced damage and the effects of exposure on the capacity of basal cell proliferation. The obtained insights on the impact of alpha particle exposure on cells within this relevant and complex tissue environment can be used to model and predict the relative biological effectiveness and are therefore shared with Task 3.6. In addition, inhalation of radon leads to an inhomogeneous exposure of the lungs with the epithelial layer lining the bronchial bifurcations receiving the highest dose. The air-exposed nature of the described lung models enables mimicking such an inhomogeneous exposure by partially shielding the models. Also repeated and chronic low dose rate exposure for several weeks are feasible using the in vitro models of reconstituted human bronchial epithelium. The consequences of such exposure scenarios are part of the current and future research performed within RadoNORM.

RadoNorm engagement opportunities

The RadoNorm website provides much information about the project, objectives, work programme, its development and results, interaction and engagement possibilities. RadoNorm on social media platforms LinkedIn, Twitter (now X) and YouTube, which are accessible also via website, provide the latest news about the projects and its results. You are kindly invited to follow us.

RadoNorm established different engagement opportunities for the related and interested stakeholders. Several stakeholder groups are established for active involvement of different representatives in the project’s activities, such as pilot testing of communication tools, development of new regulatory standards, discussions on scientific findings or to be just informed about the RadoNorm results. You are most welcome to join the RadoNorm stakeholder groups. It is easy to submit your application.

The subscription to more information, like Newsletter issues, is also available. The RadoNorm partners, stakeholders and other groups are regularly informed about publications, news, events and calls. All developed contact databases are managed according to the RadoNorm Privacy policy.

The 4^th RadoNorm Annual Meeting will be held on 12^th and 13^th of June 2024 in Ljubljana, Slovenia, following the RadoNorm internal meetings on 10^th and 11^th of June 2024. The meeting will be in hybrid format to allow as many stakeholders as possible to attend. The preliminary agenda and more organisational information will be shared soon. The stakeholder engagement is also foreseen as it has been assessed to be a big added value of the conference. We kindly ask you to consider your participation in the event. We will, same as last year, financially support a limited number of stakeholders to participate and contribute to the event.

Merry Christmas and Happy New Year!